Teacher digital competence in business schools: Challenges from the student’s perception

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.35564/jmbe.2026.0004

Keywords:

Teacher digital competence, COMDID-A, ICT integration, business schools, digital business education

Abstract

The increasing demand for digital talent in the job market has driven business schools to integrate digital business education into their curricula. However, ensuring that faculty members possess sufficient Teacher Digital Competence (TDC) is essential for effectively training future professionals. This study evaluates whether business school faculty have the appropriate TDC to meet industry expectations, focusing on students’ perceptions at ESIC Business & Marketing School in Barcelona. Using a validated adaptation of the COMDID-A test, combined with ad hoc questions, to assess TDC from students' perceptions, this research evaluates faculty TDC levels and explores the factors influencing students’ assessments. Findings indicate that faculty digital competencies (DC) are primarily centred on teaching-learning processes, with higher scores in the didactic dimension. However, information and communication technologies (ICT) integration, responsible digital use, and personal and professional development received lower ratings, revealing key areas for improvement. Students highlighted limited innovation in ICT implementation, with faculty relying mainly on basic tools such as slides presentations and the learning management system (LMS) for one-way communication. Additionally, resistance to change, particularly among older faculty members, emerged as a potential barrier, while gender was not found to be a determining factor in TDC levels. These insights underscore the need for enhanced faculty training programs to foster a more interactive and pedagogically meaningful use of ICT. Given the study’s case-based approach, future research should explore faculty self-perception vs. student assessments and conduct comparative analyses across business schools to determine whether these trends are consistent in different educational contexts.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Avni, E., & Rotem, A. (2019). Digital Competence. Journalism and Ethics. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-8359-2.ch018

Basantes-Andrade, A., Cabezas-González, M., & Casillas-Martín, S. (2020). Digital Competences Relationship between Gender and Generation of University Professors. International Journal on Advanced Science Engineering Information Technology. https://doi.org/10.18517/ijaseit.10.1.10806

Basilotta-Gómez-Pablos, V., Matarranz, M., Casado-Aranda, L.-A., & Otto, A. (2022). Teachers’ digital competencies in higher education: A systematic literature review. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 19(1), 8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-021-00312-8

Batić, A. (2021). Digital skills as a perspective of development of the economy and important digital transformation factor; [Digitalne vještine kao perspektiva razvoja gospodarstvaivažan čimbenik digitalne transformacije]. Ekonomski Pregled 72 (1), pp. 59.0-87.0. https://doi.org/10.32910/ep.72.1.3

Benton, S. L., & Cashin, W. E. (2014). Student ratings of teaching: A summary of research and literature (IDEA Paper No. 50). IDEA Education. https://www.ideaedu.org/idea_papers/student-ratings-of-teaching-a-summary-of-research-and-literature/

Bharadwaj, A., El Sawy, O. A., Pavlou, P. A., & Venkatraman, N. (2013). Digital business strategy: Toward a next generation of insights. MIS Quarterly, 37(2), 471–482. https://doi.org/10.25300/MISQ/2013/37:2.3

Bhattacherjee, D., & Ravishankar, K. V. (2016). What do MBA students think of teacher evaluations? Indian Journal of Industrial Relations, 51(4), 646–659.

Brown, M., Nic Giolla Mhichil, M., Beirne, E. & Mac Lochlainn, C. (2021). The global micro-credential landscape: Charting a new credential ecology for lifelong learning. Journal of Learning for Development 8 (2), pp. 228.0-254.0. https://doi.org/10.56059/jl4d.v8i2.525

Cabero Almenara, J., & Martínez Gimeno, A. (2019). Las TIC y la formación inicial de los docentes. Modelos y competencias digitales. Profesorado, Revista de Currículum y Formación del Profesorado, 23(3), 247-268. https://doi.org/10.30827/profesorado.v23i3.9421

Cabero-Almenara, J., Barroso-Osuna, J., & Palacios-Rodríguez, A. (2021). Estudio de la competencia digital docente en Ciencias de la Salud. Su relación con algunas variables. Educación Médica, 22(2), 94-98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edumed.2020.11.014

Campbell, I. (2007). Chi‐squared and Fisher–Irwin tests of two‐by‐two tables with small sample recommendations. Statistics in Medicine, 26. https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.2832

Casillas Martín, S., Cabezas González, M., & García Peñalvo, F. J. (2020). Digital competence of early childhood education teachers: Attitude, knowledge and use of ICT. European Journal of Teacher Education, 43(2), 210-223. https://doi.org/10.1080/02619768.2019.1681393

Çebi, A., & Reisoğlu, İ. (2020). Digital Competence: A Study from the Perspective of Pre-service Teachers in Turkey. Journal of New Approaches in Educational Research, 9(2), 294. https://doi.org/10.7821/naer.2020.7.583

Cesco, S., Zara, V., De Toni, A.F., Lugli, P., Evans, A. & Orzes, G. (2021). The future challenges of scientific and technical higher education. Tuning Journal for Higher Education 8 (2), pp. 85.0-117.0. https://doi.org/10.18543/tjhe-8(2)-2021pp85-117

Cheng, H., & He, J. (2021). Comparison of tests for association of 2 × 2 tables under multiple testing setting. Communications in Statistics - Simulation and Computation, 52, 2336 - 2348. https://doi.org/10.1080/03610918.2021.1905843

Churches, A. (2007). Bloom’s Digital Taxonomy. Eduteka. http://www.eduteka.org/pdfdir/TaxonomiaBloomDigital.pdf

Clayson, D. E. (2018). Student evaluations of teaching and matters of reliability. Journal of Marketing Education, 40(1), 77–92. https://doi.org/10.1177/0273475317698023

Collins, M., & Morris, S. (2008). Testing for adverse impact when sample size is small. The Journal of applied psychology, 93 2, 463-71. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.93.2.463

Engel, O., Zimmer, L.M., Lörz, M. & Mayweg-Paus, E. (2023). Digital studying in times of COVID-19: teacher- and student-related aspects of learning success in german higher education. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education 20 (1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-023-00382-w

Enlaces. (2011). Competencias y estándares TIC para la profesión docente. Ministerio de Educación. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12365/2151

Esteve-Mon, F. M., Castañeda, L., & Adell-Segura, J. (2018). Un modelo holístico de competencia docente para el mundo digital. Revista Interuniversitaria de Formación del Profesorado, 32(1), 105–116. http://hdl.handle.net/10234/174771

Esteve-Mon, F. M., Llopis-Nebot, M. Á., & Adell-Segura, J. (2020). Digital Teaching Competence of University Teachers: A Systematic Review of the Literature. IEEE Revista Iberoamericana de Tecnologias del Aprendizaje, 15(4), 399-406. https://doi.org/10.1109/RITA.2020.3033225

European Comission. (2013, march 19). Survey of schools: ICT in Education | Digital Single Market. https://web.archive.org/web/20190602070558/https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/news/survey-schools-ict-education

European Commission. Joint Research Centre. Institute for Prospective Technological Studies. (2013). DIGCOMP: A framework for developing and understanding digital competence in Europe. Publications Office. https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2788/52966

Eurostat. (2024). ICT specialists in employment. European Commission. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=ICT_specialists_in_employment

Feistauer, D., & Richter, T. (2018). Validity of students’ evaluations of teaching: Biasing effects of likability and prior subject interest. Studies in Educational Evaluation, 59, 168–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stueduc.2018.07.009

Fernández Márquez, E., Leiva-Olivencia, J. J., & López-Meneses, E. (2018). Competencias digitales en docentes de Educación Superior. Revista Digital de Investigación en Docencia Universitaria, 213-231. https://doi.org/10.19083/ridu.12.558

Fraser, J., Atkins, L., & Hall, R. (2013). DigiLit leicester. Supporting teachers, promoting digital literacy, transforming learning. Leicester City Council.

Garzón Artacho, E., Martínez, T. S., Ortega Martín, J. L., Marín Marín, J. A., & Gómez García, G. (2020). Teacher Training in Lifelong Learning—The Importance of Digital Competence in the Encouragement of Teaching Innovation. Sustainability, 12(7), 2852. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12072852

Generalitat de Catalunya. (2013). Competències bàsiques de l’àmbit digital (1a ed.). https://educacio.gencat.cat/web/.content/home/departament/publicacions/colleccions/competencies-basiques/primaria/ambit-digital.pdf

Generalitat de Catalunya (Ed.). (2022). Marc de referència de la competència digital docent. https://educacio.gencat.cat/web/.content/home/departament/publicacions/colleccions/pla-educacio-digital/marc-referencia-competencia-digital-docent/marc-referencia-cdd.pdf

Guillén-Gámez, F. D., & Mayorga-Fernández, M. J. (2020). Prediction of Factors That Affect the Knowledge and Use Higher Education Professors from Spain Make of ICT Resources to Teach, Evaluate and Research: A Study with Research Methods in Educational Technology. Education Sciences, 10(10), 276. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci10100276

Hair, J. F. (2019). Multivariate data analysis (Eighth edition). Cengage.

Hemmler, V., Kenney, A., Langley, S., Callahan, C., Gubbins, E., & Holder, S. (2020). Beyond a coefficient: an interactive process for achieving inter-rater consistency in qualitative coding. Qualitative Research, 22, 194 - 219. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468794120976072

Hooper, D., Coughlan, J., & Mullen, M. (2008). Structural Equation Modelling: Guidelines for Determining Model Fit. The Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods, 6(1), 53-60.

Hubschmid-Vierheilig, E., Rohrer, M. & Mitsakis, F. (2020). Digital competence revolution and human resource development in the United Kingdom and Switzerland. The Future of HRD 1, pp. 53.0-91.0. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-52410-4_3

Ilomäki, L., Paavola, S., Lakkala, M., & Kantosalo, A. (2014). Digital competence – an emergent boundary concept for policy and educational research. Education and Information Technologies, 21, 655-679. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-014-9346-4

Instefjord, E. J. (2014). Appropriation of Digital Competence in Teacher Education. Nordic Journal of Digital Literacy, 10, 313-329. https://doi.org/10.18261/ISSN1891-943X-2014-04-06

ISTE. (2008). NETS•T for Teachers: National Educational Technology Standards for Teachers (2nd ed.). http://www.eduteka.org/pdfdir/EstandaresNETSDocentes2008.pdf

Joint Research Centre. (2022). The Digital Competence Framework for Citizens (DigComp). European Commission. https://joint-research-centre.ec.europa.eu/scientific-activities-z/education-and-training/digital-transformation-education/digital-competence-framework-citizens-digcomp/digcomp-framework_en

Kaputa, V., Loučanová, E. & Tejerina-Gaite, F.A. (2022). Digital Transformation in Higher Education Institutions as a Driver of Social Oriented Innovations. Innovation, Technology and Knowledge Management, pp. 61.0-85.0. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-84044-0_4

Kaqinari, T., Makarova, E., Audran, J., Döring, A.K., Göbel, K. & Kern, D., (2021). The switch to online teaching during the first covid-19 lockdown: A comparative study at four european universities. Journal of University Teaching and Learning Practice 18 (5). https://doi.org/10.53761/1.18.5.10

Kim, F., Williams, L. A., Johnston, E. L., & Fan, Y. (2024). Bias intervention messaging in student evaluations of teaching: The role of gendered perceptions of bias. Heliyon, 10(17), e37140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e37140

Krasna, M., & Bratina, T. (2010). Universal digital competences. In Central European Conference on Information and Intelligent Systems (p. 195). Faculty of Organization and Informatics Varazdin.

Krosnick, J. A., & Presser, A. (2010). Question and Questionnaire Design. In P. V. Marsden, & J. D. Wright (Eds.), Handbook of Survey Research (2nd ed., pp. 264-313). Bingley, UK: Emerald.

Kuznetsova, A., Selezneva, A., Askarov, A., Askarova, A. & Gusmanov, R., (2021). Trends of labor market change in the countries of the European Union and Russia under conditions of digitalization of the economy. Montenegrin Journal of Economics 17 (1), pp. 175.0-183.0. https://doi.org/10.14254/1800-5845/2021.17-1.13

Larraz, V. (2013). La competència digital a la Universitat [Ph.D. Thesis, Universitat d’Andorra]. En TDX (Tesis Doctorals en Xarxa). https://www.tdx.cat/handle/10803/113431

Lázaro-Cantabrana, J. L., & Gisbert Cervera, M. (2015). Elaboració d’una rúbrica per avaluar la competència digital del docent. Universitas Tarraconensis. Revista de Ciències de l’Educació, 1(1), 48. https://doi.org/10.17345/ute.2015.1.648

Lázaro-Cantabrana, J. L., Gisbert-Cervera, M., & Silva-Quiroz, J. E. (2018). Una rúbrica para evaluar la competencia digital del profesor universitario en el contexto latinoamericano. Edutec. Revista Electrónica de Tecnología Educativa, 63. https://doi.org/10.21556/edutec.2018.63.1091

Lázaro-Cantabrana, J. L., Usart-Rodríguez, M., & Gisbert-Cervera, M. (2019). Assessing Teacher Digital Competence: The Construction of an Instrument for Measuring the Knowledge of Pre-Service Teachers. Journal of New Approaches in Educational Research, 8(1), 73-78. https://doi.org/10.7821/naer.2019.1.370

Majee, S. K. (2019). ICT in 21st Century’s Teacher Education. Journal of emerging technologies and innovative research. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:212670334

McNeish, D. (2018). Thanks coefficient alpha, we’ll take it from here. Psychological Methods, 23(3), 412-433. https://doi.org/10.1037/met0000144

Mertler, C. A. (2000). Designing scoring rubrics for your classroom. Practical assessment, research, and evaluation, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.7275/GCY8-0W24

Mishra, M. P., Sharma, V. K., & Tripathi, R. C. (2010). ICT as a Tool for Teaching and Learning in Respect of Learner with Disability. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13062087

Mobile World Capital Barcelona. (2024, junio). Digital Talent Overview 2024. Mobile World Capital Barcelona. https://mobileworldcapital.com/app/uploads/2024/07/Digital_Talent_Overview_2024_ENG.pdf

Montero Guerra, J. M., & Danvila-Del Valle, I. (2024). Exploring organizational change in the age of digital transformation and its impact on talent management: Trends and challenges. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 37(6), 1273-1294. https://doi.org/10.1108/JOCM-10-2023-0419

Mukherji, S., & Rustagi, N. (2008). Teaching evaluations: Perceptions of students and faculty. Journal of College Teaching & Learning, 5(9), 45–54. https://doi.org/10.19030/tlc.v5i9.1234

Napal Fraile, M., Peñalva-Vélez, A., & Mendióroz Lacambra, A. (2018). Development of Digital Competence in Secondary Education Teachers’ Training. Education Sciences, 8(3), 104. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci8030104

Olson, J. D., McAllister, C., Grinnell, L. D., Gehrke Walters, K., & Appunn, F. (2016). Applying Constant Comparative Method with Multiple Investigators and Inter-Coder Reliability. The Qualitative Report, 21(1), 26-42. https://doi.org/10.46743/2160-3715/2016.2447

Palau, R., & Mogas, J. (2022). La competència digital docent al Màster de formació del professorat de les universitats de Catalunya (1.a ed.). Editorial Octaedro. https://doi.org/10.36006/82001-1

Palau, R., Usart, M., & Ucar Carnicero, M. J. (2019). La competencia digital de los docentes de los conservatorios. Estudio de autopercepción en España. Revista Electrónica de LEEME, 44, 24. https://doi.org/10.7203/LEEME.44.15709

Parsons, C. E., Jensen, K. L., Roepstorff, A., Fjorback, L. O., & Linehan, C. (2019). Designing technology tools to support engagement in mindfulness-based interventions: An analysis of teacher and student experiences. DIGITAL HEALTH, 5, 205520761986855. https://doi.org/10.1177/2055207619868550

Pérez-Escoda, A., & Rodríguez-Conde, M. J. (2015). Digital literacy and digital competences in the educational evaluation: USA and IEA contexts. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Technological Ecosystems for Enhancing Multiculturality, 355-360. https://doi.org/10.1145/2808580.2808633

Punie, Y., & Redecker, C. (2017). European Framework for the Digital Competence of Educators: DigCompEdu (Scientific analysis or review, Policy assessment, Technical guidance KJ-NA-28775-EN-C (print), KJ-NA-28775-EN-N (online)). Publications Office of the European Union. https://doi.org/10.2760/178382 (print),10.2760/159770

Quansah, F., Cobbinah, A., Asamoah-Gyimah, K., & Hagan, J. E., Jr. (2024). Validity of student evaluation of teaching in higher education: A systematic review. Frontiers in Education, 9, 1329734. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2024.1329734

Raposo, A., Durão, A., Estradas, A., & Ribeiro, I. (2020). Technology as a tool to enhance motivation and learning. E3S Web of Conferences, 171, 01011. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017101011

Reisoğlu, İ., & Çebi, A. (2020). How can the digital competences of pre-service teachers be developed? Examining a case study through the lens of DigComp and DigCompEdu. Computers & Education, 156, 103940. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2020.103940

Seufert, S., Guggemos, J., & Tarantini, E. (2019). Design for System Change: Developing Digital Competences of Vocational Teachers. In L. Uden, D. Liberona, G. Sanchez, & S. Rodríguez-González (Eds.), Learning Technology for Education Challenges (Vol. 1011, pp. 393-407). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20798-4_34

Simendinger, E., El-Kassar, A.-N., Gonzalez-Perez, M. A., Crawford, J., Thomason, S., Reynet, P., Kjellander, B., & Edwards, J. (2017). Teaching effectiveness attributes in business schools. International Journal of Educational Management, 31(6), 780–800. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEM-05-2016-0108

Spooren, P., Brockx, B., & Mortelmans, D. (2013). On the validity of student evaluation of teaching: The state of the art. Review of Educational Research, 83(4), 598–642. https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654313496870

Starkey, L. (2020). A review of research exploring teacher preparation for the digital age. Cambridge Journal of Education, 50(1), 37-56. https://doi.org/10.1080/0305764X.2019.1625867

Stoesz, B. M., De Jaeger, A. E., Quesnel, M., Bhojwani, D., & Los, R. (2022). Bias in student ratings of instruction: A systematic review of research from 2012 to 2021. Canadian Journal of Educational Administration and Policy, (201), 39–62. https://doi.org/10.7202/1095482ar

Stroebe, W. (2020). Student evaluations of teaching encourage poor teaching and contribute to grade inflation: A theoretical and empirical analysis. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 42(4), 276–294. https://doi.org/10.1080/01973533.2020.1756817

Taber, K. S. (2018). The Use of Cronbach’s Alpha When Developing and Reporting Research Instruments in Science Education. Research in Science Education, 48(6), 1273-1296. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11165-016-9602-2

Tavakol, M., & Wetzel, A. (2020). Factor Analysis: A means for theory and instrument development in support of construct validity. International Journal of Medical Education, 11, 245-247. https://doi.org/10.5116/ijme.5f96.0f4a

Teece, D. J. (2007). Explicating dynamic capabilities: The nature and microfoundations of (sustainable) enterprise performance. Strategic Management Journal, 28(13), 1319–1350. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.640

Tondeur, J., Howard, S., Van Zanten, M., Gorissen, P., Van der Neut, I., Uerz, D., & Kral, M. (2023). The HeDiCom framework: Higher Education teachers' digital competencies for the future. Educational technology research and development: ETR & D, 71(1), 33–53. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11423-023-10193-5

Torres Molina, G. M. (2020). Estudio comparativo de las competencias digitales del docente desde la percepción de estudiantes de cuatro sedes del SENATI, Lima 2020 [Tesis doctoral, Universidad César Vallejo]. Repositorio Institucional UCV. https://alicia.concytec.gob.pe/vufind/Record/UCV_b9bfad315d12d3bb105ee5ad86e715ac

UNESCO. (2008). Marco de competencias de los docentes en materia de TIC. París: UNESCO.

UNESCO. (2014). Enseñanza y aprendizaje: lograr la calidad para todos. Informe de Seguimiento de la EPT en el Mundo 2013/2014. UNESCO. https://doi.org/10.54676/NFKC5496

Uttl, B., White, C. A., & Wong Gonzalez, D. (2017). Meta-analysis of faculty’s teaching effectiveness: Student evaluation of teaching ratings and student learning are not related. Studies in Educational Evaluation, 54, 22–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stueduc.2016.08.007

Vial, G. (2019). Understanding digital transformation: A review and a research agenda. The Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 28(2), 118–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsis.2019.01.003

Vicente P.N.; Lucas M.; Carlos V.; Bem-Haja P. (2020). Higher education in a material world: Constraints to digital innovation in Portuguese universities and polytechnic institutes. Education and Information Technologies 25 (6), pp. 5815.0-5833.0. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-020-10258-5

Viñoles-Cosentino, V., Sánchez-Caballé, A., & Esteve-Mon, F. M. (2022). Desarrollo de la Competencia Digital Docente en Contextos Universitarios. Una Revisión Sistemática. REICE. Revista Iberoamericana sobre Calidad, Eficacia y Cambio en Educación, 20(2). https://doi.org/10.15366/reice2022.20.2.001

Warner, K. S. R., & Wäger, M. (2019). Building dynamic capabilities for digital transformation: An ongoing process of strategic renewal. Long Range Planning, 52(3), 326–349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lrp.2018.12.001

Journal of Management and Business Economics

Downloads

Published

2026-04-12

How to Cite

Peláez, A., Baltà, J., & Palau, R. (2026). Teacher digital competence in business schools: Challenges from the student’s perception . Journal of Management and Business Education, 9(1), 77–103. https://doi.org/10.35564/jmbe.2026.0004

Issue

Section

Articles

Similar Articles

<< < 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 > >> 

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.