Is a university committed to ethics perceived as an honest, appropriate and properly managed organization?
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.35564/jmbe.2021.0001Keywords:
ethic, legitimacy, reputation, image, universityAbstract
Universities, as organizations that must compete to attract resources, faculty, and students, also strive to implement quality policies and ethical standards. This attempt to improve also involves the management of intangible assets, which to date were not considered by this type of organization (reputation, image and legitimacy). With the aim of validating whether the universities with ethical codes and deontology subjects in their study plans are also positively perceived by students and professors, we carried out an empirical study at the Rey Juan Carlos University. The results provide valuable information for decision-making and communication of the actions carried out by the university, highlighting that a greater effort is necessary so that the effort of a university to consider itself ethical translates into its positive perception in its groups of close interest.
Downloads
References
Abimbola, T., & Valleester, C. (2007). Brand, organisational identity and reputation in SMEs: an overview. Qualitative Market Research, 10(4), 341–348.
https://doi.org/10.1108/13522750710819685
Abrahamson, E., & Fairchild, G. (1999). Management fashion: Lifecycles, triggers, and collective learning processes. Administrative Science Quarterly, 44(4), 708–740.
https://doi.org/10.2307/2667053
Aldrich, H. E., & Fiol, C. M. (1994). Fools rush in? The institutional context of industry creation. Academy of Management Review, 19(4), 645–670.
https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1994.9412190214
Andreassen, T., & Lindestad, B. (1998). Customer loyalty and complex services: The impact of corporate image on quality, customer satisfaction and loyalty for customers with varying degrees of service expertise. International Journal of Service Industry Management, 9(1), 7–23.
https://doi.org/10.1108/09564239810199923
Ashforth, B. E., & Gibbs, B. W. (1990). The double-edge of organizational legitimation. Organization Science, 1(2), 177–194.
https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.1.2.177
Bansal, P., & Clelland, I. (2004). Talking trash: Legitimacy, impression management, and unsystematic risk in the context of the natural environment. Academy of Management Journal, 47(1), 93–103.
https://doi.org/10.2307/20159562
Bansal, P., & Roth, K. (2000). Why companies go green: A model of ecological responsiveness. Academy of Management Journal, 43(4), 717–736.
https://doi.org/10.5465/1556363
Barnett, M. L., Jermier, J. M., & Lafferty, B. A. (2006). Corporate reputation: The definitional landscape. Corporate Reputation Review, 9(1), 26–38.
https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.crr.1550012
Beerli Palacio, A., Díaz Meneses, G., & Pérez Pérez, P. J. (2002). The configuration of the university image and its relationship with the satisfaction of students. Journal of Educational Administration, 40(5), 486–505.
https://doi.org/10.1108/09578230210440311
Bitektine, A. (2011). Toward a Theory of Social Judgments of Organisations: The Case of Legilimacy, Reputation, and Status. Academy of Management Review, 36(1), 151–179.
https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2009.0382
Bolger, J. F. (1959). How to evaluate your company image. The Journal of Marketing, 7–10.
Bromley, D. B. (1993). Reputation, image and impression management. John Wiley & Sons.
Brønn, P. S., & Vidaver-Cohen, D. (2009). Corporate motives for social initiative: Legitimacy, sustainability, or the bottom line? Journal of Business Ethics2, 87(1), 91–109.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0818-1_7
Brown, T. J., & Dacin, P. A. (1997). The company and the product: Corporate associations and consumer product responses. The Journal of Marketing, 68–64.
https://doi.org/10.2307/1252190
Cachón-Rodríguez, G., Prado-Román, C., & Blanco-González, A. (2020) The relationship between corporate identity and university loyalty: The moderating effect of brand identification in managing an institutional crisis. Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-5973.12342
Chaney, D., Lunardo, R., & Bressolles, G. (2016). Making the store a place of learning: The effects of in-store educational activities on retailer legitimacy and shopping intentions. Journal of Business Research, 69(12), 5886–5893.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2016.04.104
Christensen, T., & Askegaard, S. (2001). Corporate identity and corporate image revisited-A semiotic perspective. European Journal of Marketing, 35(3/4), 292–315.
https://doi.org/10.1108/03090560110381814
Christensen, T., & Gornitzka, Å. (2017). Reputation Management in Complex Environments—A Comparative Study of University Organizations. Higher Education Policy, 30(1), 123–140.
https://doi.org/10.1057/s41307-016-0010-z
Chun, R. (2005). Corporate reputation: Meaning and measurement. International Journal of Management Reviews, 7(2), 91–109.
Chung, J. Y., Berger, B. K., & DeCoster, J. (2016). Developing measurement scales of organizational and issue legitimacy: A case of direct-to-consumer advertising in the pharmaceutical industry. Journal of Business Ethics, 137(2), 405–413.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-014-2498-8
Clardy, A. (2012). Organizational reputation: Issues in conceptualization and measurement. Corporate Reputation Review, 14(4), 285–303.
https://doi.org/10.1057/crr.2012.17
Cruz-Suárez. A; Marino, D.; & Prado-Román, C. (2020). Origin and evolution of the legitimacy management in higher education. Journal of Management and Business Education, 3(2), 93-108.
https://doi.org/10.35564/jmbe.2020.0007
Czinkota, M., Kaufmann, H., & Basile, G. (2014). The relationship between legitimacy, reputation, sustainability and branding for companies and their supply chains. Industrial Marketing Management, 43(1), 91–101.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2013.10.005
Davies, G., & Chun, R. (2012). Employee as symbol: Stereotypical age effects on corporate brand associations. European Journal of Marketing.
https://doi.org/10.1108/03090561211212467
Deephouse, D. L. (2000). Media reputation as a strategic resource: An integration of mass communication and resource-based theories. Journal of Management, 26(6), 1091–1112.
https://doi.org/10.1177/014920630002600602
Deephouse, D. L., Bundy, J., Tost, L. ., & Suchman, M. (2017). Organizational legitimacy: Six key questions. The SAGE Handbook of Organizational Institutionalism, 27–54.
https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446280669.n2
Deephouse, D. L., & Carter, S. . (2005). An examination of differences between organizational legitimacy and organizational reputation. Journal of Management Studies, 42(2), 329–360.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.2005.00499.x
Deephouse, D. L., & Suchman, M. (2008). Legitimacy in organizational institutionalism. The SAGE Handbook of Organizational Institutionalism, 49, 77.
https://doi.org/10.4135/9781849200387.n2
Delgado-Alemany, R., Blanco-González, A., Díez-Martín, F. (2020) Ethics and Deontology in Spanish Public Universities. Education Sciences. 10(9) 259
https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci10090259
Díez-de-Castro, E. (2020). Higher education in management and its legitimacy. Journal of Management and Business Education, 3(3), 181-192.
https://doi.org/10.35564/jmbe.2020.0019
Díez Martín, F., Blanco González, A., & Prado Román, C. (2010). Legitimidad como factor clave del éxito organizativo. Investigaciones Europeas de Dirección de La Empresa, 16(3), 127–143.
https://doi.org/10.1016/s1135-2523(12)60038-0
Díez Martín, F., Blanco González, A., & Prado Román, C. (2013). Beyond legitimacy: legitimacy types and organizational success. Management Decision, 16(3), 127–143.
https://doi.org/10.1108/md-08-2012-0561
Díez Martín, F., Blanco González, A., & Prado Román, C. (2020). The intellectual structure of organizational legitimacy research: a co-citation analysis in business journals. Review of Managerial Science.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11846-020-00380-6
Díez-Martín, F., Blanco-González, A., & Díez-de-Castro, E. (2021) Measuring a scientifically multifaceted concept. The jungle of organizational legitimacy. European Research on Management and Business Economics. 27(1).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iedeen.2020.10.001
Doh, J. P., Howton, S. D., Howton, S. W., & Siegel, D. S. (2010). Does the market respond to an endorsement of social responsibility? The role of institutions, information, and legitimacy. Journal of Management, 36(6), 1461–1485.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206309337896
Dollinger, M. J., Golden, P. A., & Saxton, T. (1997). The effect of reputation on the decision to joint ventur. Strategic Management Journal, 18(2), 127–140.
https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0266(199702)18:2<127::aid-smj859>3.0.co;2-h
Dowling, G. R. (1986). Managing your corporate images. Industrial Marketing Management, 15(2), 109–115.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0019-8501(86)90051-9
Dowling, G. R. (2016). Defining and measuring corporate reputations. European Management Review, 13(3), 207–223.
https://doi.org/10.1111/emre.12081
Dowling, J., & Pfeffer, J. (1975). Organizational legitimacy: Social values and organizational behavior. Pacific Sociological Review, 18(1), 122–136.
https://doi.org/10.2307/1388226
Dutton, J. E., & Dukerich, J. M. (1991). Keeping an eye on the mirror: Image and identity in organizational adaptation. Academy of Management Journal, 34(3), 517–554.
https://doi.org/10.2307/256405
Elsbach, K. D., & Kramer, R. M. (1996). Members’ Responses to Organizational Identity Threats: Encountering and Countering the Business Week Rankings. Administrative Science Quarterly, 41(3), 442.
https://doi.org/10.2307/2393938
Farrugia, C. A., & Lane, J. E. (2013). Legitimacy in Cross-Border Higher Education: Identifying Stakeholders of International Branch Campuses. Journal of Studies in International Education, 17(4), 414–432.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1028315312464379
Feldman, P. M., Bahamonde, R. A., & Velasquez Bellido, I. (2014). A new approach for measuring corporate reputation. Revista de Administração de Empresas, 54(1), 53–66.
https://doi.org/10.1590/s0034-759020140102
Fombrun, C. J., & Van Riel, C. B. (1997). The Reputational Landscape. Corporate Reputation Review, 1(1), 5–13.
https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.crr.1540024
Fombrun, C. J., Gardberg, N. A., & Sever, J. M. (2000). The Reputation Quotient SM: A multi-stakeholder measure of corporate reputation. Journal of Brand Management, 7(4), 241–255.
https://doi.org/10.1057/bm.2000.10
Fombrun, C., & Shanley, M. (1990). What’S in a Name? Reputation Building and Corporate Strategy. Academy of Management Journal, 33(2), 233–258.
https://doi.org/10.5465/256324
Foreman, P. O., Whetten, D. A., & Mackey, A. (2012). An identity-based view of reputation, image, and legitimacy: Clarifications and distinctions among related constructs. Oxford Handbook of Corporate Reputation.
https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199596706.013.0009
Fornell, C., Rust, R. T., & Dekimpe, M. G. (2010). The effect of customer satisfaction on consumer spending growth. Journal of Marketing Research, 47(1), 28–35.
https://doi.org/10.1509/jmkr.47.1.28
Galaskiewicz, J. (1985). Interorganizational relations. Annual Review of Sociology, 11(1), 281–304.
Gotsi, M., & Wilson, A. M. (2001). Corporate reputation: seeking a definition. Corporate Communications: An International Journal, 6(1), 24–30.
https://doi.org/10.1108/13563280110381189
Grady, N. B., Fisher, D. L., & Fraser, B. J. (1996). Images of school through metaphor development and validation of a questionnaire. Journal of Educational Administration, 34(2), 41–53.
https://doi.org/10.1108/09578239610112123
Gray, E. R., & Balmer, J. M. (1998). Managing corporate image and corporate reputation. Long Range Planning, 31(5), 695–702.
https://doi.org/10.1016/s0024-6301(98)00074-0
Hall, R. (1992). The strategic analysis of intangible resources. Strategic Management Journal, 13(2), 135–144.
Harvey, W. S., Morris, T., & Müller Santos, M. (2017). Reputation and identity conflict in management consulting. Human Relations, 70(1), 92–118.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726716641747
He, H. W., & Mukherjee, A. (2009). Corporate identity and consumer marketing: A process model and research agenda. Journal of Marketing Communications, 15(1), 1–16.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13527260802018041
Hemsley-Brown, J., Melewar, T. C., Nguyen, B., & Wilson, E. J. (2016). Exploring brand identity, meaning, image, and reputation (BIMIR) in higher education: A special section. Journal of Business Research, 69(8), 3019–3022.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2016.01.016
Hemsley-Brown, J., & Oplatka, I. (2006). Universities in a competitive global marketplace: A systematic review of the literature on higher education marketing. International Journal of Public Sector Management, 19(4), 316–338.
https://doi.org/10.1108/09513550610669176
Iwu-Egwuonwu, R. C. (2011). Behavioral governance, accounting and corporate governance quality. Journal of Economics and International Finance, 3(1), 1–12.
Kennedy, S. H. (1977). Nurturing corporate images. Journal of Marketing, 11(3), 119–164.
King, B. G., & Whetten, D. A. (2008). Rethinking the relationship between reputation and legitimacy: A social actor conceptualization. Corporate Reputation Review, 11(3), 192–207.
https://doi.org/10.1057/crr.2008.16
Lamin, A., & Zaheer, S. (2012). Wall Street vs. Main Street: Firm strategies for defending legitimacy and their impact on different stakeholders. Organization Science, 23(1), 47–66.
https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.1100.0631
Lange, D., Lee, P. M., & Dai, Y. (2011). Organizational reputation: A review. Journal of Management, 37(1), 153–184.
MacLean, T. L., & Behnam, M. (2010). The dangers of decoupling: The relationship between compliance programs, legitimacy perceptions, and institutionalized misconduct. Academy of Management Journal, 53(6), 1499–1520.
https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2010.57319198
Mahon, J. F. (2002). Corporate reputation: Research agenda using strategy and stakeholder literature. Business & Society, 41(4), 415–445.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0007650302238776
Mazursky, D., & Jacoby, J. (1986). Exploring the development of store images. Journal of Retailing, 62(2), 145–165.
Melewar, T. C., & Karaosmanoglu, E. (2006). Seven dimensions of corporate identity: A categorisation from the practitioners’ perspectives. European Journal of Marketing, 40(7/8), 846–869.
https://doi.org/10.1108/03090560610670025
Metzler, M. S. (2001). Responding to the legitimacy problems of big tobacco: an analysis of the “people of Philip Morris” image advertising campaign. Communication Quarterly, 49(4), 366–381.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01463370109385636
Meyer, J., & Rowan, B. (1977). Institutionalized organizations: Formal structure as myth and ceremony. American Journal of Sociology, 83(2), 340–363.
https://doi.org/10.1086/226550
Milgrom, P., & Roberts, J. (1982). and Entry Deterrence. Journal of Economic Theory, 312(2), 280–312.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-0531(82)90031-x
Miotto, G., Blanco-González, A., & Díez-Martín, F. (2020) Top business schools legitimacy quest through the Sustainable Development Goals. Heliyon, 6(11)
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05395
Nguyen, N., & LeBlanc, G. (2001). Image and reputation of higher education institutions in students’ retention decisions. International Journal of Educational Management, 15(6), 303–311.
https://doi.org/10.1108/eum0000000005909
Oliver, C. (1990). Determinants of interorganizational relationships: Integration and future directions. Academy of Management Review, 15(2), 241–265.
https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1990.4308156
Page, G., & Fearn, H. (2005). Corporate reputation: What do consumers really care about? Journal of Advertising Research, 45(3), 305–313.
https://doi.org/10.1017/s0021849905050361
Phair, J. T. (1992). 1992 Education Report Card. The Public Relations Journal, 48(2), 22.
Plewa, C., Ho, J., Conduit, J., & Karpen, I. O. (2016). Reputation in higher education: A fuzzy set analysis of resource configurations. Journal of Business Research, 69(8), 3087–3095.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2016.01.024
Podnar, K., & Golob, U. (2017). The Quest for the Corporate Reputation Definition: Lessons from the Interconnection Model of Identity, Image, and Reputation. Corporate Reputation Review, 20(3–4), 186–192.
https://doi.org/10.1057/s41299-017-0027-2
Ponzi, L. J., Fombrun, C. J., & Gardberg, N. A. (2011). RepTrakTM pulse: Conceptualizing and validating a short-form measure of corporate reputation. Corporate Reputation Review, 14(1), 15–35.
https://doi.org/10.1057/crr.2011.5
Prado-Roman, C., Diez-Martin, F., & Blanco-Gonzalez, A. (2020) The effect of communication on the legitimacy and performance of organizations. Revista Brasileira de Gestão de Negócios. 22(3) 565-581.
http://dx.doi.org/10.7819/rbgn.v22i3.4071
Rakovski, C. C., & Levy, E. S. (2007). Academic dishonesty: Perceptions of business students. College Student Journal, 41(2).
Rao, H. (1994). The social construction of reputation: Certification contests, legitimation, and the survival of organizations in the American automobile industry: 1895–1912. Strategic Management Journal, 15(s1), 29–44.
https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.4250150904
Reimann, F., Ehrgott, M., Kaufmann, L., & Carter, C. R. (2012). Local stakeholders and local legitimacy: MNEs’ social strategies in emerging economies. Journal of International Management, 18(1), 1–17.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intman.2011.06.002
Rhee, M., & Haunschild, P. R. (2006). The liability of good reputation: A study of product recalls in the US automobile industry. Organization Science, 17(1), 101–117.
https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.1050.0175
Rindova, V. P. (1997). Part VII: Managing reputation: Pursuing everyday excellence: The image cascade and the formation of corporate reputations. Corporate Reputation Review, 1(2), 188–194.
https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.crr.1540042
Rindova, V. P., Pollock, T. G., & Hayward, M. L. (2006). Celebrity firms: The social construction of market popularity. Academy of Management Review, 31(1), 50–71.
https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2006.19379624
Rindova, V. P., Williamson, I. O., Petkova, A. P., & Sever, J. M. (2005). Being good or being known: An empirical examination of the dimensions, antecedents, and consequences of organizational reputation. Academy of Management Review, 48(6), 1033–1049.
https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2005.19573108
Roberts, P. W., & Dowling, G. R. (2002). Corporate reputation and sustained superior financial performance. Strategic Management Journal, 23(12), 1077–1093.
https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.274
Ruef, M., & Scott, W. R. (1998). A multidimensional model of organizational legitimacy: Hospital survival in changing institutional environments. Administrative Science Quarterly, 877–904.
https://doi.org/10.2307/2393619
Ruiz, B., Gutiérrez, S., & Esteban, Á. (2012). Desarrollo de un concepto de reputación corporativa adaptado a las necesidades de la gestión empresarial. Strategy & Management Business Review, 3(1), 9–31.
Salancik, G. ., & Pfeffer, J. (1978). A social information processing approach to job attitudes and task design. Administrative Science Quarterly, 224–253.
https://doi.org/10.2307/2392563
Smaiziene, I., & Jucevicius, R. (2009). Corporate reputation: Multidisciplinary richness and search for a relevant definition. Engineering Economics, 62(2).
Spector, A. J. (1961). Basic dimensions of the corporate image. The Journal of Marketing, 47–51.
Srivastava, R. K., McInish, T. H., Wood, R. a, & Capraro, A. J. (1997). Part IV: How Do Reputations Affect Corporate Performance?: The Value of Corporate Reputation: Evidence from the Equity Markets. Corporate Reputation Review, 1(1), 61–68.
https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.crr.1540018
Staw, B. ., & Epstein, L. . (2000). What bandwagons bring: Effects of popular management techniques on corporate performance, reputation, and CEO pay. Administrative Science Quarterly, 45(3), 523–556.
https://doi.org/10.2307/2667108
Suchman, M. (1995). Managing legitimacy: Strategic and institutional approaches. Academy of Management Review, 20(3), 571–610.
https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1995.9508080331
Suomi, K. (2014). Exploring the dimensions of brand reputation in higher education – a case study of a Finnish master ’ s degree programme. Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management, 36(October), 646–660.
https://doi.org/10.1080/1360080x.2014.957893
Suomi, K., & Järvinen, R. (2013). Tracing reputation risks in retailing and higher-education services. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 20(2), 207–217.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2012.12.003
Thomas, D. E. (2007). How do reputation and legitimacy affect organizational performance? International Journal of Management, 24(1), 108.
Thomas, T. E. (2005). Are business students buying it? A theoretical framework for measuring attitudes toward the legitimacy of environmental sustainability. Business Strategy and the Environment, 14(3), 186–197.
https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.446
Tost, L. P. (2011). An integrative model of legitimacy judgments. Academy of Management Review, 36(4), 686–710.
https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2011.65554690
Tran, M. A., Nguyen, B., Melewar, T. C., & Bodoh, J. (2015). Exploring the corporate image formation process. Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal, 18(1), 86–114.
https://doi.org/10.1108/qmr-05-2014-0046
Turban, D. B., & Greening, D. W. (1997). Corporate Social Performance and Organizational Attractiveness To Prospective Employees. Academy of Management Journal, 40(3), 658–672.
https://doi.org/10.2307/257057
Veloutsou, C., Paton, R. A., & Lewis, J. (2005). Consultation and reliability of information sources pertaining to university selection. International Journal of Educational Management, 19(4), 279–291.
https://doi.org/10.1108/09513540510599617
Verčič, A. T., Verčič, D., & Žnidar, K. (2016). Exploring academic reputation–is it a multidimensional construct? Corporate Communications: An International Journal, 21(2), 160–176.
https://doi.org/10.1108/ccij-01-2015-0003
Vidaver-Cohen, D. (2007). Reputation beyond the rankings: A conceptual framework for business school research. Corporate Reputation Review, 10(4), 278–304.
https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.crr.1550055
Villafañe, J. (2012). La gestión de los intangibles empresariales. Comunicação e Sociedade, 8, 101–113.
https://doi.org/10.17231/comsoc.8(2005).1185
Volkwein, J. F., & Sweitzer, K. V. (2006). Institutional prestige and reputation among research universities and liberal arts colleges. Research in Higher Education, 47(2), 129–148.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11162-005-8883-5
Walker, K. (2010). A systematic review of the corporate reputation literature: Definition, measurement, and theory. Corporate Reputation Review, 12(4), 357–387.
https://doi.org/10.1057/crr.2009.26
Weigelt, Keith, & Camerer, C. (1988). Reputation and corporate strategy: A review of recent theory and applications. Strategic Management Journal, 9(5), 443–454.
https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.4250090505
Worcester, R. (2009). Reflections on corporate reputations. Management Decision, 47(4), 573–589.
https://doi.org/10.1108/00251740910959422
Zimmerman, M. A., & Zeitz, G. J. (2002). Beyond survival: Achieving new venture growth by building legitimacy. Academy of Management Review, 27(3), 414–431.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Journal of Management and Business Education
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
License terms at: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/legalcode